In fact, I began my research in biology with a doctoral dissertation on hyperoxia—that is, the impact of excess oxygen on cells. At the time, I was working in Professor José Remacle’s lab, where he was studying aging. Aging is characterized by oxidative stress and the formation of free radicals, to which cells can adapt through antioxidant enzymes. To study these, we decided to somewhat exacerbate the situation and create conditions in which oxygen was present in excess. We obtained good results, but this was not a physiological situation. We then turned our attention to the phenomenon of hypoxia-reoxygenation—as occurs during a heart attack—which causes an increase in free radical production during reoxygenation.

We expected to observe changes in the cells during the reoxygenation phase. However, exactly the opposite happened! The majority of the responses occurred during the hypoxia phase—that is, during oxygen deprivation. At the time, this phenomenon had been studied very little. We realized that it triggered a host of effects, particularly in relation to cancer. This research led to a Nobel Prize in 2019.

My research thus led me to become a specialist in how cells respond to various forms of stress. This line of research has also proven extremely fruitful, as we discovered that hypoxia is a major factor in cancer cells’ resistance to various therapies, including chemotherapy. One day, my colleague, physicist Stéphane Vincent, asked me if it was possible to study the cellular response to radiation, particularly proton radiation. More precise than X-ray irradiation, this technique is achieved using a particle accelerator, which UNamur has at its disposal. While this technique was beginning to be used in radiation therapy, the cellular response to it had, however, been studied only to a limited extent.

So-called conventional X-ray radiation therapy lacks precision, which means that healthy tissue surrounding the tumor is also affected by the radiation. To minimize this, we are looking for a way to increase the effects of the radiation within the tumor. This makes it possible to deliver a lower dose of radiation, with fewer side effects on healthy tissue, while maintaining the same therapeutic effect on cancer cells. To achieve this, we use gold nanoparticles, which, due to their unique properties, make tumor cells more sensitive to radiation. However, even though there is still a great deal of enthusiasm surrounding these particles due to the positive results obtained, no treatment has yet been approved by regulatory authorities, which underscores the importance of continuing research.

First and foremost, this is an award recognizing my research as a whole, which is a wonderful scientific acknowledgment of my work. But I want to take this opportunity to emphasize the importance of scientific collaboration, particularly that of physicists Stéphane Lucas and Anne-Catherine Heuskin. Without their contributions, none of this work on radiation therapy would have been possible. We must also acknowledge the importance of Télévie, which has helped fund numerous dissertations on this topic.

This chair also includes a series of five lectures that I will deliver in Mol (province of Antwerp). In addition to the inaugural lecture, which took place in June, these lectures will focus on hypoxia and its effect on resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, the use of nanoparticles as radiosensitizers, and synthetic lethality—a field we have also studied extensively—which involves creating synergy between chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Finally, the last lecture will focus on one of my future areas of research, which concerns immunogenic cell death. The idea is to irradiate cancer cells in such a way that their death activates the immune system against the cancer cells.

This role involves, in particular, managing the funding and organization of research, institutes, and technology platforms through a body known as the Research Council. The Council allocates the various funding sources with the greatest possible transparency. During my two terms in office, I was deeply committed to supporting a diverse range of research topics, in order to provide each with the tools best suited to its needs.

I have also been in close contact with the vice-rectors for research at other French-speaking universities in Belgium. Our goal was to speak with one voice to various stakeholders—from the Walloon Region to the European Union—in order to present a unified set of demands. This was very important to me, and it enabled us to make significant strides, such as securing special funding for technology platforms—which allowed us to acquire state-of-the-art measuring instruments—and establishing an interuniversity platform for alternatives to animal testing.

Why do certain infectious diseases pose a greater risk in some regions than in others? What role do urbanization, climate change, and population movements play in their spread? These are the kinds of questions that interest Catherine Linard, a researcher in the Department of Geography at UNamur. 

A geographer by training, she works in the field of health geography, which studies the relationship between health and place. “I study health, but through the eyes of a geographer. I’m primarily interested in the landscape, and I try to understand the natural and social processes that shape health in a given place.”

Her research focuses specifically on vector-borne diseases—that is, diseases transmitted by organisms such as mosquitoes. These include, in particular, malaria and dengue fever. To better understand their geographic distribution, the researcher analyzes various factors that may influence their transmission. The environment obviously plays a role, since it determines, in particular, where mosquitoes can breed, but it is not enough on its own to explain the spread of a disease. 

 “I take a fairly systemic approach. We’ll look at the environment, but also at human behavior, mobility, and so on.” Part of her research thus focuses on the impact of rapid changes in our environments—such as the rapid urbanization of the African continent—on mosquito-borne diseases. 

 This work has now received significant recognition. Starting in September, Catherine Linard will hold a three-year grant from the Francqui Foundation. Her proposal was first selected by the UNamur Research Council before being approved by the Foundation. 

This appointment will allow the researcher to be relieved of most of her teaching duties so she can devote more time to her research. This is a particularly valuable opportunity given that her daily academic life is divided between teaching, supervising researchers and doctoral students, conducting research, and handling administrative tasks. 

However, there are no plans yet to establish a specific schedule for the next three years. Catherine Linard first wants to take advantage of this newfound availability to devote more time to her ongoing projects and to mentor several doctoral students who are nearing the completion of their dissertations.

The appointment should also enable her to strengthen her international collaborations. In particular, the researcher works with Cheick Anta Diop University in Dakar, Senegal, and plans to use these three years to deepen these exchanges and organize new fieldwork trips. In the longer term, she hopes above all to find time to explore new avenues and determine the future direction of her research. “Research is advancing at a breakneck pace. To stay abreast of everything happening in our field, we need to keep reading and following the work of other teams.” 

Catherine Linard also sees the Francqui Prize as recognition of the work she has carried out with her team and her many collaborators. She also sees it as recognition for the field of health geography, a discipline long overlooked by the general public, but whose importance was particularly highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic, when understanding the geographic spread of an epidemic became a particularly critical issue. “I believe it is also recognition of the relevance of this research to society, of its ability to shed light on major and highly topical societal issues, as well as of the value of a resolutely interdisciplinary project.” 

Radiotracers are small radioactive molecules used in medical imaging. Once injected into the body, they can bind to specific targets characteristic of a disease and emit radiation that can be detected by imaging devices. Juliette Liégeois, a doctoral student at the Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory (CBO) at UNamur, is working on these molecules as part of a thesis conducted in collaboration with the company Synlock. “You can compare them to GPS trackers. For example, they make it possible to precisely locate a tumor in the human body and then help the oncologist determine a treatment strategy,” she explains. 

But producing these molecules is a real challenge. Because they are radioactive and unstable, they must be synthesized quickly and under conditions that ensure the safety of the scientists. Their synthesis is therefore carried out using automated machines capable of performing the various steps in sequence without direct human intervention. However, a large portion of the automated systems currently in use still rely on technologies that do not easily accommodate certain newer synthesis methods developed in research laboratories. 

The goal of the SMART project is precisely to bridge this gap by adapting existing methods so they can be integrated into automated systems and to verify their effectiveness under conditions that closely resemble actual production. 

To achieve this, Juliette Liégeois is working on two techniques. Biocatalysis uses enzymes to carry out certain chemical reactions under milder conditions, while photocatalysis uses light to trigger these reactions. These two methods are often used in research but still need to be adapted to the constraints of automated machines. 

The project is also testing the Cheminizer, a technology developed by Synlock. This reactor rotates during the manufacturing process to better mix the various components and more effectively control the reactions. Its operation could, in particular, facilitate the use of light and enzymes.

The SMART project is based on the complementary strengths of UNamur and Synlock. The company contributes its expertise in the design of machinery and reactors, while UNamur’s Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory (CBO) contributes its knowledge of chemical reactions. 

The innovation at the heart of Intercept Bio is based on a proprietary molecule, 9-Ac-SAP, protected by several families of international patents jointly held by the two universities. This molecule, formulated as a nasal spray, is designed to intercept viruses before they can attach to human cells. Specifically, it acts as a molecular “decoy”: instead of attaching to the surface of the body’s cells, the virus first encounters this molecule, which disrupts its adhesion and thus limits its ability to initiate infection.

Professor Stéphane Vincent is a member of the Bio-Organic Chemistry Laboratory (CBO) and the NISM and NARILIS institutes at UNamur.

Professor David Alsteens of the NanoBioPhysics Lab and a member of the Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology at UCLouvain and the WEL Research Institute.

This approach is particularly innovative because it does not target a single virus or a single strain. Preclinical studies conducted at UNamur and UCLouvain have demonstrated antiviral activity against several major respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, influenza viruses, and respiratory syncytial virus. By targeting a very early and common stage of the infection process—namely, the virus’s attachment to the host cell—the technology paves the way for a preventive strategy that complements vaccines, existing antiviral treatments, and conventional protective measures.

The first product developed by Intercept Bio comes in the form of a nasal spray. This method of administration follows a simple logic: to act locally, where many respiratory viruses begin their progression in the body. Easy to use, non-invasive, and designed for preventive use, this spray could be a particularly relevant solution for people at highest risk of complications, especially patients with chronic respiratory conditions. 

“This spray could be an alternative to the vaccine for immunocompromised individuals. It would help prevent respiratory illnesses, the flu, or other infections by applying it before entering confined spaces, such as public transportation. It could also be used by an infected person to limit the risk of transmitting the virus to those around them,” explains David Alsteens of UCLouvain’s WEL Research Institute. 

By reducing the risk of infection or exacerbation of severe respiratory illnesses, a preventive solution like this spray could help limit complications, hospitalizations, and pressure on the healthcare system.

In 2020, as soon as the coronavirus pandemic began, David Alsteens (UCLouvain, WEL Research Institute) used his state-of-the-art atomic force microscopy platform—unique in Belgium for its ability to study interactions between pathogens and cells—to investigate how COVID-19 attaches to our cells. Very quickly, the UCLouvain-WEL Research Institute team discovered the importance of certain sialic acids on the surface of our cells in allowing the virus to attach to them. Sialic acids, which are sugar residues, act like tiny locks to which the virus binds via its surface proteins before entering the host cell. 

In an effort to block this interaction—and thus prevent the virus from infecting cells— David Alsteens turned to Professor Stéphane Vincent of the Bio-Organic Chemistry Laboratory at UNamur, who specializes in organic chemistry, glycosciences, biocatalysis, and mechanistic enzymology. His team designs and synthesizes complex molecules capable of interacting with biological targets, particularly in contexts related to infections. Vincent then produced a molecule flanked by sialic acids—the famous decoy molecule—which saturates the virus and prevents it from binding to its host cells. Subsequent tests on mice proved effective in 80% of cases. Within the Intercept Bio framework, this contribution was instrumental in designing, producing, and optimizing the molecules that form the basis of the technology platform.

Intercept Bio also illustrates the power of inter-university collaboration. The project arose from the complementary nature of two high-level scientific areas of expertise: on the one hand, UNamur’s ability to design and synthesize innovative molecules inspired by glycoscience; and, on the other hand, the expertise of UCLouvain-WEL Research Institute in observing, measuring, and understanding, at the nanoscale, the interactions between viruses, molecules, and cells. This collaboration has made it possible to move from a scientific intuition to a protected technology, validated in preclinical trials and now moving toward industrial development.

The creation of Intercept Bio is part of a commercialization initiative jointly led by UNamur and UCLouvain, with support from the WEL Research Institute, UNamur Venture, and Sopartec—a member of Louvain-Transfer, UCLouvain’s research commercialization organization. These organizations have supported the project’s development, structuring, initial funding, and governance, working alongside the founding researchers and the management team, thereby enabling the transition from basic research to a concrete application for society. Serge Pampfer, a seasoned figure in the Belgian biotech ecosystem, is leading the new organization as CEO.

The research and funding that made the development of this solution possible, as well as the filing of the related patents, were supported by several funding initiatives and programs: the two ERC grants, support from the WEL Research Institute and the Louvain Foundation, obtained by David Alsteens of UCLouvain; as well as the EOS (interuniversity) program, the FNRS, and the Marie Curie ITN network, which funded a Ph.D. position in Stéphane Vincent’s team. The ITN, funded under the FP7 Marie Curie Doctoral Network program, made it possible to establish the initial methodology developed for Ebola, which contributed to the scientific advances that led to this technology. The company’s mission will be to continue the preclinical and clinical development phases, secure the necessary funding for the upcoming regulatory phases, and ultimately prepare for the market launch of innovative solutions designed to prevent viral respiratory infections. Beyond this first product, Intercept Bio aims to gradually develop a portfolio of products based on the same technological platform.