Consanguinity refers to the offspring produced from the union of two closely related individuals who share at least one common ancestor (Temaj et al. 2022). Some communities have high rates of consanguineous marriages, especially in the Middle East, where consanguinity rates of first-cousin marriages vary in Gulf countries from 20 to 50 % (Ben-Omran et al. 2020). This high rate of consanguineous marriages is due to cultural, geographical, historical, financial, political, or religious reasons (Temaj et al. 2022) (Ben-Omran et al. 2020).
Consanguinity increases the chance/risk/probability to be homozygous for rare mutations in the general population (Temaj et al. 2022). These mutations can cause recessive autosomal pathologies that may be extremely rare known as rare diseases (Temaj et al. 2022). In many Middle Eastern populations, consanguineous relationships are very common, providing geneticists with a valuable source for discovering "new" genes and identifying their functions (Ben-Omran et al. 2020). Identifying these genes can help carry out diagnostic and predictive tests (genetic counseling) in affected families (Ben-Omran et al. 2020; Temaj et al. 2022). In some cases, understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in diseases can also lead to new therapeutic strategies (Salzberg 2018).
In recent years, the development of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies has led to a faster identification of genes involved in rare diseases (Lal et al. 2016). Sequencing the entire genome (Whole Genome Sequencing, WGS) or the exome (Whole Exome sequencing, WES) can be achieved quickly and inexpensively (Salzberg 2018).
Rare diseases are Mendelian monogenic diseases, that result from specific pathogenic variants in single genes, called germline mutations. These mutations occurring in the coding or the non-coding regions in the gene, can be inherited in dominant, recessive, or X-linked transmission modes within a family (Tukker et al. 2021).
Coding sequences, known as exons, directly encode the amino acid sequence of proteins essential for various cellular functions, including enzymatic reactions, cell signaling, and structural support. Pathogenic variants within coding sequences can lead to significant disruptions and alterations in the protein structure, function, and stability (Li et al. 2013). However non-coding sequences that represents around 98% of the entire human genome, include introns, enhancers, promotors, and regulatory elements that regulate genes’ expression. The presence of a pathogenic variant in one of these regions can alter mRNA processing and gene expression and disrupt the delicate balance of gene regulation. REFERENCE
While coding regions, constitutes around 1 to 2% of the entire genome, , the precise functions of non-coding regions are still unraveled (Moyon et al. 2022).
Our project has two main objectives.
A) Firstly, to identify the pathogenic variant responsible for a syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) in a young boy from a consanguineous Lebanese family. This step was achieved in 2020 and our results were published in Clinical Genetics. Indeed, a homozygous stop gain mutation in the BOD1 gene (p.R151*) was identified and was shown to be involved in the disease observed in this family. BOD1 is a crucial protein that inhibits the PP2A-B56 phosphatase at the kinetochore, which regulates the recruitment of various proteins (such as PLK1: Polo like Kinase 1 ) to ensure proper chromosome orientation during mitosis (Porter et al. 2013). Additionally, BOD1 is a part of a cytosolic variant of the SET1B/COMPASS complex, which affects the expression of genes related to fatty acid metabolism (Wang et al. 2017). Studies in Drosophila have shown that BOD1 depletion in neurons causes synapse morphological abnormalities and learning defects (Esmaeeli-Nieh et al. 2016). Moreover, BOD1 was described to be responsible for ataxic-like behaviors in mice with conditional in what tissue? Knock-Out (KO) of exon 2 of this gene in the lobes IV-V of the cerebellum (Liu et al. 2022). On another note, a homozygous nonsense mutation in BOD1 gene (p.R112*) was identified in two related Iranian females, who were diagnosed with moderate form of ID (Intellectual Disability) and primary/secondary amenorrhea (Esmaeeli-Nieh et al. 2016).
B) Secondly, we aimed to study the effect of the p.R151* mutation in BOD1 gene on protein expression. To achieve this, we used the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technique to create a knock-in (KI) of the mutation in HEK293T cells. We then analyzed the effect of this mutation on the expression of Bod1 protein using Western blot technique. Furthermore, we wanted to investigate the physiological and developmental function of the BOD1 gene. For this purpose, we have generated a conditional knock-out cKO mouse model.
