A first in Belgium: UNamur researcher reveals forgotten history of Walloon wolves thanks to ancient DNA

In her doctoral thesis, Julie Duchêne (PhD in History UNamur/FNRS-FRESH) has brought out of the shadows the unexplored history of the relationship between humans and wolves in the Walloon and Luxembourg territories during the pivotal period that saw the extinction of the species there (18th-early 20th century).

What's at stake in this research?

• To understand the complexity of this coexistence in our regions,
• To identify the influence of human activities on the lives of wolves and of wolves on human activities,
• To decipher the mechanisms that led to the extinction of Canis lupus.

To achieve this, the researcher has deployed a pioneering multidisciplinary methodology in Belgium, combining on the one hand historical and documentary analyses, and on the other morphological and DNA analyses of naturalized 19th-century wolves preserved within a dozen partner institutions, museums and venues in Wallonia. Thanks to collaboration between the E-BIOM laboratory and the University of Namur, 13 specimens were thus studied according to a rigorous protocol, respectful of the integrity of the historical pieces.

While ancient DNA is often degraded by time, conservation conditions or the products used during naturalization, 9 out of 13 samples yielded results.

• Species confirmed : All the specimens analyzed belong to the species Canis lupus lupus, ruling out the hypothesis of dogs or hybrids.
• Kinship identified : Two wolves, including one kept by the de Bonhome family in Mozet, present a proven kinship.
• Dominant haplotypes: The majority of wolves belong to haplotypes H4 and H8, from a metapopulation historically present from western France to Germany.
• Discovery of an extinct haplotype: The Habay wolf, preserved by the de Beaulieu family, has a unique genetic profile, probably from a now-extinct population.
• Higher past genetic diversity: Wolves from the 18th and 19th centuries show greater genetic diversity than current populations.
• Wallonia, a historical crossroads: Even then, the region was at the crossroads of two major lupine dispersal routes: one from France, the other from Germany.

This study highlights the importance of heritage collections for better understanding the evolutionary history of species and contemporary conservation issues.

Deconstructing preconceived ideas about the wolf for a better-informed debate

The historical and scientific analysis carried out by Julie Duchêne also helps to qualify certain preconceived ideas about the wolf, often relayed in current debates.

• Attacks on human beings have existed, but they remain marginal and to be put into perspective. Complaints mainly concerned the loss of livestock (sheep, cows, horses, etc.).
• The wolf doesn't just live in the forest. Historically, it also frequented fields, roads, ponds and moors. Its presence depends on many factors, not a single habitat.
• The confrontations are not one-sided. They are also the result of human expansion into natural environments, not just wolf incursions.
• Populations did not seek to exterminate the species. They aimed for regulation, integrating lupine nuisances as well as other natural hazards.
• The wolf plays a positive ecological role, regulating populations of large herbivores, which promotes forest regeneration.
• The wolf's extinction is not due solely to eradication policies. It is the result of a combination of factors, including increasing human pressure on natural environments.

Julie Duchêne's research was also used to set up the exhibition "Même pas peur! Une évolution de l'image du loup à travers les siècles", developed by third-year history bachelor students as part of the Cultural Project course. The exhibition makes stops at :

• From May to early June 2025: Floreffe Seminary
• From June to September 2025: Pairi Daiza
• From October 2025 to May 2026: Gaumais Museum